In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified which the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is generally due to the insufficient oxygen in Nb2O5, applied as being a raw product Preliminary soften (Czochralski process) [186]. Appropriately, according to its production technological innovation, niobium pentoxide can undertake a variety of compositions Nb2O5−x. So, https://lithium-niobate-crystal28305.livebloggs.com/38939406/helping-the-others-realize-the-advantages-of-lithium-niobate-crystal